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The Evolution of Disability Terminology
Over the years, the language used to describe disability has undergone significant transformation, reflecting positive shifts in societal attitudes, improvement in understanding, and the ongoing pursuit of inclusivity and respect for individuals with disabilities. This evolution of terminology is not merely a matter of semantics; it reflects broader changes in how we perceive, interact with, and advocate for people with disabilities. This article will explain how disability terminology has evolved from the medical model to the social model, the types of language that can be used to denote those with disabilities depending on preference and context, and the move towards using more respectful and inclusive terminology.
- From Medical Model to Social Model:
Historically, the predominant framework for understanding disability was the medical model, which viewed disability as a deficiency or impairment within the individual. Archaic terms like “crippled,” “handicapped,” and “invalid” were commonly used, often carrying negative connotations, and implying a sense of inferiority, inadequacy, or brokenness. In this old-fashioned paradigm, disability was seen as rather a personal tragedy or medical condition to be cured or fixed. It also implied that those with disabilities could be “abnormal” and are therefore incapable of making their own decisions and conducting their own lives by themselves.
However, the emergence of the social model of disability in the latter half of the 20th century brought about a fundamental shift in perspective. This model emphasized that disability is not solely an individual medical problem but is also shaped by societal, environmental, and attitudinal barriers. Terms such as “differently abled,” “person with a disability,” and “challenged” began to gain traction, highlighting the diversity of experiences and capabilities among people with disabilities while affirming their humanity and sense of belonging.
- Embracing Identity (Disability)-First Language:
One of the most significant developments in disability terminology has been the rise of identity-first language. This approach mentions the disability before the person, recognizing disability as an inherent aspect of identity rather than something separate or secondary. Phrases like “disabled person” or “autistic individual” are preferred by many in the disability community, as they acknowledge the significance of disability in shaping one’s experiences, perspectives, and sense of self.
Identity-first language challenges the notion that disability should be euphemized or minimized by stigma and empowers disabled individuals to embrace their identities with pride and dignity. It acknowledges that disability is not something to be ashamed of or concealed but rather an integral part of who a person is.
- Toward Inclusive and Respectful Terminology (Person-First Language):
As awareness and understanding of disability issues have grown, so too has the recognition of the importance of using inclusive and respectful language. Terms that were once considered acceptable may now be seen as outdated, offensive, discriminatory, vulgar, and derogatory, reflecting changing norms and sensitivities.
For example, phrases like “wheelchair-bound” are now widely discouraged, as they reinforce negative stereotypes and imply a lack of self-sufficiency or autonomy. Instead, person-first language, where the individual is mentioned before their disability(s), is used to emphasize the individual’s humanity and capabilities, while avoiding reductionist or stigmatizing labels. So, instead of “wheelchair-bound”, we would now say something like “person who uses a wheelchair”. “Dyslexic student” becomes “student with dyslexia”, “deaf employee” becomes “employee with a hearing impairment”, “mentally ill teenager” becomes “teenager with a mental health condition”, “blind woman” becomes “woman who is visually impaired”, etc. While this may seem contradictory to the aforementioned identity-first language, the key is to always be mindful of the context and respect the individual’s preferences for how they would like to be identified and labelled.
- The Importance of Listening to Disabled Voices
Central to the evolution of disability terminology is the importance of including disabled people in discussions about their own experiences and needs. As such, the preferences for terminology may vary among individuals and communities, and it is essential to listen to and respect the voices of disabled people themselves.
Rather than imposing language from an outsider perspective, it is crucial to engage in dialogue and consultation with disabled individuals and advocacy organizations to understand their preferences and perspectives. This collaborative approach ensures that disability terminology is not only accurate and respectful but also reflects the lived experiences and identities of those it seeks to describe.
It is also worth noting the diversity and complexity of disability experiences by recognizing the intersectionality of disability with other aspects of identity, such as socio-economic status. For instance, if a person with a particular disability has also been born into poverty or becomes impoverished, they may experience various other kinds or additional sets of challenges and difficulties to living than that of a person with the same disability who is financially stable. It is important to acknowledge that the personal circumstances, situations, hardships, and adversities faced by two individuals can differ regardless of having the same disability alone due to other facets of life.
In conclusion, the evolution of disability terminology reflects broader shifts in societal attitudes, understanding, and advocacy for inclusion and respect. From the medical model to the social model, from identity-first language to person-first language, the language we use to describe disability shapes our perceptions, interactions, and policies. The key is to always be mindful of the context and respect the individual’s preferences for how they would like to be identified and labelled. By listening to disabled voices and embracing inclusive and respectful terminology, we can continue to move towards a more equitable and inclusive society for all.
Article Credits
Dr. Anoop Lal, Medical Director, CareMithra
Rohan Panicker, Creative Writer, CareMithra
Conjunctivitis: Causes, Symptoms, & Treatment
Conjunctivitis, commonly referred to as “pink eye” or “red eye”, is a very common and highly contagious eye condition affecting millions of people worldwide every year. While it is often considered a minor ailment, conjunctivitis can be uncomfortable and disruptive if left untreated. This article will explain the causes, symptoms, and treatment options for conjunctivitis, shedding light on this common eye disease.
Conjunctivitis is an inflammation of the conjunctiva, the thin, transparent layer of tissue that covers the white part of the eye and lines the inner surface of the eyelids. This inflammation can be caused by various factors, including viral or bacterial infections, allergies, irritants, or underlying health conditions.
Causes of Conjunctivitis:
Viral Conjunctivitis– This type of conjunctivitis is typically caused by the same viruses responsible for the common cold, such as adenoviruses. They are highly contagious and spread through contact with infected respiratory droplets or touching contaminated surfaces.
Bacterial Conjunctivitis– Bacterial infections, commonly due to strains of staphylococcus or streptococcus, can lead to bacterial conjunctivitis. It can result from direct contact from bacteria to eye or be secondary to an upper respiratory infection.
Allergic Conjunctivitis– Allergens such as pollen, pet dander, dust mites, and certain chemicals can trigger allergic reactions in the eyes, leading to allergic conjunctivitis. This type of conjunctivitis is not contagious and often occurs seasonally or in response to specific environmental triggers. It is strongly linked to allergic rhinitis (hay fever) and sinusitis and often occur together.
Irritant Conjunctivitis: Exposure to irritants like smoke, chlorine in swimming pools, air pollutants, or foreign bodies can cause irritation and inflammation of the conjunctiva, resulting in irritant conjunctivitis.
Conjunctivitis in Newborns: Newborns can acquire conjunctivitis during delivery if the mother has a sexually transmitted infection such as chlamydia or gonorrhoea. This condition, known as neonatal conjunctivitis or ophthalmia neonatorum, requires prompt treatment (antibiotics, eye irrigation etc) to prevent serious complications.
Symptoms of Conjunctivitis:
The symptoms of conjunctivitis can vary depending on the underlying cause but commonly include:
- Redness in the white part of the eye or inner eyelids
- Watery or mucous discharge from the eyes
- Itchiness, burning, or gritty sensation in the eyes
- Swelling of the eyelids
- Increased sensitivity to light
- Crusting of eyelashes, especially upon waking in the morning
In viral conjunctivitis, symptoms may affect one or both eyes and often start in one eye before spreading to the other. Bacterial conjunctivitis typically produces more significant discharge, often thick and yellow or greenish in colour, while allergic conjunctivitis is often accompanied by sneezing, nasal congestion, or itching in other parts of the body.
Treatment Options:
The treatment of conjunctivitis depends on the underlying cause:
Viral Conjunctivitis: Since viral conjunctivitis is caused by a virus, antibiotics are ineffective. Treatment focuses on managing symptoms with cold compresses, artificial tears, and over-the-counter antihistamine or decongestant eye drops to alleviate discomfort and inflammation. In severe cases, a doctor may prescribe antiviral medications.
Bacterial Conjunctivitis: Bacterial conjunctivitis may require antibiotic eye drops or ointments to clear the infection. It’s essential to complete the full course of antibiotics as prescribed by the doctor to prevent recurrence or antibiotic resistance.
Allergic Conjunctivitis: Avoiding allergens and using antihistamine eye drops or oral medications can help alleviate symptoms of allergic conjunctivitis. In severe cases, a doctor may recommend prescription-strength medications or immunotherapy for long-term management.
Irritant Conjunctivitis: Removing the irritant and rinsing the eyes with clean water can help relieve symptoms of irritant conjunctivitis. Artificial tears or lubricating eye drops may also provide relief from discomfort.
For all types of conjunctivitis, practicing good hygiene, such as frequently washing hands with soap and using hand sanitizer, avoiding rubbing the eyes, and not sharing towels or eye makeup, can help prevent the spread of infection and reduce the risk of recurrence. It is also ideal to isolate from those with the illness to minimise contact, reduce and prevent the spread of infection. Due to the increased risk of irritation worsening and deepening of infection, avoid wearing contact lenses and going to swimming pools when having this condition.
When to Seek Medical Attention
While most cases of conjunctivitis resolve on their own or with simple home remedies, certain symptoms warrant prompt medical attention. These include:
- Severe eye pain
- Blurred vision or changes in vision
- Sensitivity to light accompanied by severe headache
- Symptoms that worsen or fail to improve after a few days
- Symptoms in newborns or infants
In conclusion, conjunctivitis is a common eye condition with various causes, including viral or bacterial infections, allergies, or irritants. While it can be uncomfortable and contagious, most cases of conjunctivitis respond well to treatment and resolve without complications. However, it’s essential to seek medical attention if symptoms persist or worsen to rule out more serious underlying conditions and receive appropriate care. With proper management and preventive measures, individuals can minimize the impact of conjunctivitis on their eye health and overall well-being.
Article Credits
Dr. Anoop Lal, Medical Director, CareMithra
Rohan Panicker, Content Writer, CareMithra
Antibiotics Resistance: Why Misuse Prevention is Crucial
Antibiotics have revolutionized modern medicine, saving countless lives since their discovery. However, their overuse and misuse have led to the emergence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria, posing a significant threat to public health worldwide. The rational use of antibiotics is imperative to preserve their effectiveness and combat the growing menace of antibiotic resistance.
Firstly, it is important to note that there are several forms of infections: viral, bacterial, fungal, protozoal etc. Antibiotics are effective only for bacterial infections.
The misuse and overuse of antibiotics catalyses antibiotic resistance among bacteria. Antibiotics are drugs; they use various mechanisms to kill bacteria, such as cell wall inhibition, protein synthesis inhibition, and genetic structure modification. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria adapt and evolve to develop the ability to withstand the effects of antibiotics, rendering these drugs ineffective and thereby obsolete against them. This resistance can arise from spontaneous genetic mutations internally or through the acquisition of resistance genes from other bacteria, predominantly through Horizontal Gene Transfer (HGT) methods. Overexposure to antibiotics creates selective pressure, favouring the survival and proliferation of resistant bacteria.
The misuse of antibiotics accelerates the development of resistance, limiting treatment options for bacterial infections. This phenomenon not only increases healthcare costs but also leads to prolonged morbidity, higher mortality rates, and the spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria within communities and their environment.
Rational antibiotic use involves prescribing and using antibiotics judiciously to maximize their efficacy while minimizing the development of resistance. This approach encompasses several key principles-
Diagnosis: Accurate diagnosis is essential before initiating antibiotic therapy. Medical practitioners should confirm bacterial infections through appropriate laboratory tests whenever possible, rather than relying solely on clinical symptoms. While doctors can make out the type of bacteria based on listening to patients describe their symptoms, it is ideal to confirm using tests (blood, pus swab, culture etc) for certainty.
Selection: Antibiotics should be selected based on the type of bacteria (Gram Positive, Gram Negative, Aerobic, Anaerobic etc), local resistance patterns, and the likelihood of adverse effects. Narrow-spectrum antibiotics should be preferred over broad-spectrum ones whenever feasible, as they target specific bacteria, reducing the risk of resistance development. The correct bacterial species should be identified before selecting the most effective and appropriate antibiotic for the infection. The method of consuming (orally or via injection) should also be selected accordingly.
Dosing and Duration: Antibiotics should be prescribed at the correct dosage (mg or g), frequency (no. of times per day), and for the appropriate duration (no. of days) to ensure optimal efficacy and prevent any possible emergence of resistance. Shorter courses of medication should be considered when viable to minimize the selective pressure placed on bacteria by antibiotics.
Understanding Potency: Newer and newer generations of antibiotics belonging to the same category are supposed to be of higher potencies. It is best to begin treating a bacterial infection by using an antibiotic with optimal potency, rather than going for the newest generation. Starting off treatments using the most recently launched highly potent antibiotic drugs come with a higher risk of that antibiotic becoming ineffective against the bacteria due to frequent exposure.
Patient Education: Patients should be educated about the proper use of antibiotics, including the importance of completing the full course of treatment and medication as prescribed, avoiding sharing, or saving antibiotics for future use, and understanding the difference between bacterial, viral, fungal, and protozoal infections. It is also important to be aware of the side effects caused by antibiotics (allergies, stomach pain, fatigue, vitamin deficiencies etc). Patients should understand that antibiotics are never an on-demand treatment option.
Infection Prevention: Implementing infection prevention and control measures like practicing proper hygiene and sanitation by handwashing with antibacterial soap, using hand sanitizer, wearing masks in crowded environments / healthcare settings etc is very important. Also, habits that strengthen the bodily immune system (healthy diet, sufficient exercise/sleep, stress management etc) can reduce the incidence of bacterial infections. There are vaccinations available especially for those who are more susceptible to bacterial infections.
Healthcare providers play a crucial role in promoting rational antibiotic use through adherence to guidelines, continuous medical education, and effective communication with patients. Policymakers must implement regulations to restrict the over-the-counter sale of antibiotics, promote antimicrobial stewardship programs in healthcare facilities, and support research and development into new potential antibiotic drugs and possible alternative treatment strategies. Ultimately, doctors should not prescribe any form of antibiotic that can legitimately be deemed as unnecessary, and patients must cooperate by not being demanding to doctors for antibiotics.
In conclusion, the rational use of antibiotics is vital for preserving these life-saving drugs, their potency, and combating antibiotic resistance within communities. By obeying principles such as accurate diagnoses, appropriate antibiotic selection, accurate dosage/duration, patient education, and preventive measures, we can optimize treatment outcomes while minimizing the risk of probable resistance emergence. Collective efforts from healthcare providers, policymakers, and the public are necessary to safeguard the effectiveness of antibiotics for forthcoming generations.
Article Credits
Dr. Anoop Lal, Medical Director, CareMithra
Rohan Panicker, Content Writer, CareMithra
Flu & Viral Infections: Your Essential Prevention Guide
The various strains of the flu (Influenza) and other viruses are not only a nuisance with their troublesome symptoms; given the optimal conditions for spreading, they can create public health crises, endemics and even pandemics. Prevention is key to reducing the spread of these infections and safeguarding our well-being and that of our communities. By implementing a mere handful of simple yet effective strategies, we can exponentially reduce the likelihood of falling victim to these viral illnesses. This article will deliver steadfast preventative measures to help you stay healthy and ward off viral infections, particularly the flu.
1. Vaccination: One of the most effective ways to prevent the flu is through annual vaccination. Flu vaccines are designed to protect against the strains predicted to be most prevalent during the flu season. Vaccination not only reduces the risk of getting the flu but also minimises its severity if contracted. It is recommended for individuals aged six months and older, especially those at higher risk, such as young children, the elderly, pregnant women, and individuals with chronic health conditions.
2. Hand Hygiene: Frequent handwashing is an essential habit for preventing viral infections. Thoroughly washing your hands with soap and water for at least 20 seconds helps eliminate viruses that may be present on your hands. If soap and water are not readily available, using an alcohol-based hand sanitizer with at least 60% alcohol content can be a suitable alternative. Be sure to clean your hands before eating, after using the restroom, and after coming into contact with potentially contaminated surfaces or individuals.
3. Respiratory Hygiene: Respiratory hygiene practices can significantly reduce the transmission of viruses, including the flu. When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with a tissue or use your elbow if a tissue is not available. Dispose of used tissues immediately and wash your hands afterwards. Encourage others to follow these practices as well. If you experience flu-like symptoms, consider wearing a face mask (ideally N95 or N99 respirator) to prevent the spread of the virus to others. Wearing a face mask is also useful in crowded places or encountering infected individuals during flu season and other endemics as it covers the nose and mouth, key pathogen-entering areas.
4. Avoid Close Contact: Limiting close contact with individuals who are sick can help minimise the risk of viral infections. If you are feeling unwell, stay at home and avoid close contact with others to prevent the spread of the virus. Likewise, if you encounter someone who is visibly ill, maintain a reasonable distance to reduce the chances of exposure. When possible, try to maintain a distance of at least six feet from individuals, particularly in crowded places.
5. Boost Your Immune System: A robust immune system can act as a shield against viral infections. Adopt a healthy lifestyle that includes regular exercise, a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables, adequate sleep, stress management, and proper hydration. These habits help strengthen your immune system and improve its ability to defend against the flu and other viral infections.
6. Keep Surfaces Clean: Viruses can survive on surfaces for varying periods, making regular cleaning and disinfection important. Frequently touched surfaces, such as doorknobs, light switches, countertops, and electronics, should be cleaned and disinfected with suitable products. Follow the instructions on the disinfectant for effective use, ensuring that you cover all areas thoroughly.
7. Stay Informed: Stay updated with reliable sources of information, such as those distributed by public health authorities, for accurate and timely guidance on viral outbreaks. Understanding the symptoms, transmission modes, and preventive measures specific to each viral infection can empower you to make informed decisions and take appropriate actions to protect yourself and others.
Preventing viral infections like the flu requires a combination of individual responsibility and community cooperation. By following these preventive measures, such as getting vaccinated, practising proper hand and respiratory hygiene, avoiding close contact with the sick, boosting your immune system, keeping surfaces clean, and staying informed, we can greatly reduce the risk of contracting and spreading viral infections. Embracing these practices not only protects your well-being but also contributes to the collective effort in creating safer and healthier communities.
Solving the Acne Riddle: Unlocking Your Skin’s Natural Radiance
Acne can be a perplexing condition, but it is indeed treatable. While it can affect anyone regardless of age or gender; it typically makes its debut appearance at the onset of puberty, hence being a condition strongly associated with teenagers in a social sense. It commonly appears on areas such as the face, neck, chest, and back. Its emergence can trigger emotional distress and a negative impact on self-esteem. Understanding the root causes of acne is key to navigating this intricate maze and managing its unwelcome presence, which is what this article aims to deliver.
The Primary Culprits of Acne are: –
- Hormonal Imbalances: Hormonal changes, particularly during puberty, can lead to increased skin sebum (oil) production. Sebum helps to keep the skin moisturized. Excessive sebum and dead skin cells accumulate to clog the skin’s pores and hair follicles, creating an optimal breeding ground for acne-causing bacteria to thrive.
- Genetics: Acne can be hereditary, meaning you are more susceptible to developing this condition if your parents also have/had acne. Genetic factors can influence sebum production, inflammation response, and overall skin sensitivity.
- Poor Skincare Routine: Neglecting proper skincare habits can contribute to acne development. Failing to cleanse the skin regularly or using products containing harsh chemicals can irritate the skin, leading to clogged pores and breakouts.
- Medications: Using certain drugs and medications, for instance, steroids, can cause acne.
- Diet: Although the role of diet on acne remains debated, certain foods with a higher glycemic index, such as sugary and processed foods, can trigger or exacerbate acne in some persons. For some, dairy products aggravate acne as well.
- Stress: High-stress levels can lead to imbalances in hormone levels, leading to inflammation and increased sebum production, both of which contribute to acne.
Effective Management Strategies: –
- Establish a Consistent Skincare Regimen: It is recommended to cleanse your face twice daily with a mild cleanser to remove excess oil, dirt, and dead skin cells. Avoid using harsh scrubs or abrasive cleansers as they irritate the skin. After cleansing, apply a moisturizer to keep your skin hydrated without clogging the pores. When selecting skincare and cosmetic products, opt for those labelled non-comedogenic, as they are less likely to clog skin pores. Look for ingredients such as salicylic acid or benzoyl peroxide, which are known for their acne-fighting properties.
- Hands-Off Approach: Avoid touching and picking at acne lesions on the face and elsewhere, as it can introduce unwanted bacteria and worsen inflammation. While tempting, do not squeeze and pop pimples because it causes scarring (can be permanent) and prolongs the healing of blemishes.
- Maintain A Healthy Diet: Although the relationship between diet and acne is complex, consuming a balanced diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and lean proteins can promote overall skin health. Limit your intake of sugary, refined foods and reduce dairy consumption if you suspect it may be triggering your acne.
- Stay Hydrated: Being adequately hydrated promotes overall skin health and minimizes the factors that contribute to breakouts, primarily by preventing excessive oil production. Drinking sufficient water each day helps flush out toxins from the body, reducing inflammation and clogging of pores. Additionally, it supports the body’s ability to heal, regenerate new skin cells and promote a clearer complexion.
- Manage Stress: Engage in stress-reducing activities such as exercise, meditation, yoga, etc. or pursue hobbies that help you relax. Effective stress management can help regulate hormone levels and decrease the likelihood of acne flare-ups.
- Avoid Excessive Sun Exposure: Whilst absorption of Vitamin D from sunlight can temporarily improve acne symptoms, prolonged sun exposure can lead to skin damage and worsen acne in the long run. Protect your skin by using oil-free sunscreen with a minimum SPF of 30 when outdoors.
- Medications & Topical Treatments: Indians have a variety of options available for treating acne, ranging from allopathic antibiotics (taken orally or topically) to homoeopathic treatments and traditional Ayurvedic remedies. They come in the form of creams, gels, face masks, washes, and cleansers. Medications that are effective contain chemicals such as Benzoyl Peroxide, Salicylic Acid, and Retinoids (Note: Prescription-Strength retinoids like tretinoin and adapalene require medical supervision). They help to exfoliate the skin, kill acne-causing bacteria, reduce oil production, unclog pores, reduce inflammation, and promote skin cell turnover. Aloe Vera is used for its soothing and anti-inflammatory properties as well.
- Seek Professional Guidance: If over-the-counter products and lifestyle changes do not yield significant improvements regarding your acne state, you can consult a dermatologist (physician specialising in skin-related ailments).
- Adequate Sleep: Get enough good quality sleep every night.
Taking everything into account, acne is often a puzzling and irritating condition that necessitates a holistic approach considering all the causes and management of symptoms. By gaining insights and adopting multifaceted strategies, you can witness a remarkable improvement in this frustrating condition and display a more vibrant appearance.
Article Credits
Dr. Sunita Thomas, Dermatologist, CareMithra
Rohan Panicker, Creative Content Writer, CareMithra
Monsoon Diseases: How to Protect Your Family
India’s annual southwestern monsoon has arrived. It is caused by the temperature difference between land and ocean. During summer, the land becomes very hot while the ocean stays relatively cooler, creating a low-pressure area over the land and a high-pressure area over the ocean. This temperature contrast leads to the formation of monsoon winds that blow from the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal toward the subcontinent. These very winds carry vapour from the ocean, and, upon reaching land, rise and cool down. They help in bringing relief from scorching summer temperatures and nourish the land with abundant rainfall, consequently supporting agriculture and the overall ecosystem. However, a surge in various sicknesses and other challenges (notably the disastrous 2018 Kerala floods) is observed throughout the nation during this period. The combination of increased atmospheric moisture (humidity), stagnant water, and favourable breeding grounds for disease vectors create an environment conducive to the spread of numerous illnesses.
Disease Vectors are vexatious living organisms, such as insects and other animals (pests), that can transmit infectious pathogens (viruses, bacteria, parasites) from one host to another. These vectors act as carriers and facilitate the spread of diseases. Their control and prevention are key in mitigating the persistence of diseases. Various respiratory illnesses are also prominent at this time of the year. This article shall delve into the diseases commonly associated with the south-westerly monsoon of India, and how to prevent their symptoms from arising.
Vector Diseases:-
- Malaria: Malaria is a mosquito-borne disease caused by the Plasmodium The monsoon provides an ideal environment for mosquito breeding due to the accumulation of stagnant water. Mosquitoes breed on stagnant water by laying their eggs on the water’s surface, which then hatch into larvae and develop into adult mosquitoes in the aquatic habitat. The disease is prevalent in several parts of India during the monsoon season. Symptoms include high fever, chills, body aches, and fatigue. Prompt diagnosis and treatment are crucial to prevent malaria.
- Dengue Fever: Transmitted by the Aedes mosquito, is a significant concern during the monsoon season. The increased humidity and water accumulation provide breeding grounds for these insects. Symptoms range from mild fever, severe joint & muscle pain, rashes; and, in severe cases, progress to dengue hemorrhagic fever or dengue shock syndrome. Apt medical intervention and vector control measures are vital in curbing dengue outbreaks.
- Chikungunya: Like dengue, chikungunya is also transferred by the Aedes mosquito. The rainy season contributes to an upsurge in chikungunya cases, especially in regions with poor sanitation and inadequate waste management. Symptoms consist of high-grade fever, severe joint pain, headache, and rash. Although seldom life-threatening, it can cause long-term joint pain and disability in some cases.
- Leptospirosis: Commonly known as rat fever, it is caused by the Leptospira During the monsoon, flooding and waterlogging provide an ideal environment for the bacteria to thrive. Humans can contract the disease via contact with contaminated water and soil, especially through open wounds. Symptoms include high fever, headache, muscle pain, and in harsh circumstances, liver & kidney damage. Proper sanitation, wearing protective attire, and avoiding contact with contaminated water can help prevent leptospirosis.
- Typhoid Fever: Caused by the Salmonella Typhi bacteria, it is primarily spread through contaminated food and water. Symptoms include prolonged high fever, headache, abdominal pain, and diarrhea. Maintaining proper hygiene, making sure drinking water is safe, and eating well-cooked food (which will kill any possible bacteria) are essential preventive measures.
- Pure Waterborne Diseases & Respiratory Illnesses:
Pure waterborne diseases are caused by ingesting or encountering contaminated water containing pathogenic microorganisms, such as bacteria, viruses, or parasites. Examples of pure waterborne diseases include cholera, hepatitis A, gastroenteritis, and typhoid fever. These diseases chiefly affect the gastrointestinal system and can lead to symptoms like diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and dehydration.
Contrastingly, respiratory illnesses during the monsoon season are predominantly caused by airborne pathogens, such as viruses and bacteria, that are spread through respiratory droplets during precipitation. These illnesses affect the respiratory tract, leading to symptoms such as coughing, wheezing, sneezing, runny/stuffy nose, sore throat, and difficulty breathing. Common respiratory illnesses during the monsoon include the common cold, influenza (flu), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, asthma exacerbation, & allergic rhinitis (hay fever).
Note:- Boiling water (thus killing bacteria present), using water purifiers, washing hands before eating, and consuming hygienically prepared food can help prevent waterborne & respiratory illnesses.
While India’s southwest monsoon brings respite from the blazing heat and rejuvenates god’s own country, it also brings an upsurge in a multitude of diseases across the land. Malaria, dengue fever, chikungunya, leptospirosis, typhoid fever, waterborne diseases, and respiratory illnesses are namely common health concerns during this season. Prevention and control strategies such as vector control measures, proper sanitation methods, maintaining hygiene, and public awareness campaigns are crucial in reducing the impact of these diseases. By adopting precautionary measures and seeking timely medical attention, Keralites can safeguard their health and well-being during the rainy season.
Article Credits
Rohan Panicker, Content Writer, CareMithra
Introducing CareMithra Heart Risk Calculator (HRC)
We live in an age where heart disease remains a leading cause of mortality especially within our very own Kerala, let alone globally. One of the numerous possible explanations for this is the excessive consumption of coconut oil within the state, which can raise LDL “bad” cholesterol levels in the body. Nonetheless, this indicates that proactive measures for maintaining cardiovascular health are crucial. As a healthcare clinic dedicated to the well-being of our patients, we are excited to announce the launch of our new heart risk calculator (HRC) on our website. This innovative tool, which we have developed based on guidelines provided by the American College of Cardiology and Indian Heart Association, empowers users to take the opportunity of assessing their heart health and making informed lifestyle decisions.
Understanding Heart Risk: Cardiovascular diseases, such as heart attacks and strokes, often stem from a combination of genetic predisposition and modifiable risk factors. These include high blood pressure (hypertension), cholesterol levels, use of tobacco products, obesity, diabetes, physical inactivity, and stress. Identifying these risks early on and taking appropriate action is crucial for preventing heart-related complications.
Making Use of the HRC: Our heart risk calculator is a user-friendly and intuitive tool that evaluates an individual’s cardiovascular risk profile based on several factors. By inputting key information pertaining to age, family history of heart disease, lifestyle, diet, weight, smoking history, and any issues regarding blood pressure, diabetes, and cholesterol; individuals gain insights into their current cardiovascular health and enable them to take the initiative of mitigating potential risks.
Benefits of Using HRC:
- Personalized Risk Assessment: The calculator generates a personalized risk score in the form of a percentage within a decadal timeframe. 0-25% indicates a low risk of acquiring heart-related disease(s). 26-50% indicates moderate risk. 51% and above indicates high risk.
- Early Detection: By identifying potential risk factors early on, users can take immediate action to modify their lifestyle, seek medical advice, or undergo further diagnostic tests if recommended.
- Education and Empowerment: Our HRC serves as a didactic tool, raising awareness on cardiovascular health and encouraging those to make informed choices about their well-being.
- Tailored Recommendations: Based on the risk assessment, the calculator provides listed nuggets of salubrious advice to help folks reduce their risk factors.
- Track Progress Over Time: Users can track their progress periodically using HRC. Regular assessments allow individuals to monitor changes in their risk factors and make necessary adjustments to maintain a healthy heart.
We encourage all to utilize this valuable resource and embark on a journey towards a healthier heart. Remember, your heart health is in your hands!
Simply click on this link to get underway: http://caremithra.com/hrc
Disclaimer: This service is subject to CareMithra Terms and Conditions. The Heart Risk Calculator provides an estimation based on the inputs provided by the user. It is not a substitute for expert evaluation and treatment. We encourage individuals to consult with healthcare professionals for personalized guidance and recommendations.
Article Credits
Dr. Anoop Lal, Medical Director, CareMithra
Rohan Panicker, Creative Writer, CareMithra
Constipation – Simple Strategies for Swift Relief
Constipation is a common dysfunction of the body’s digestive system, making bowel movements infrequent and/or difficult to pass. The stool released at the nether end tends to be hard, dry, and lumpy. Whilst occasional constipation is typically not a matter of concern, chronic or severe cases can significantly impact the quality of one’s life. Nevertheless, one can effectively manage and prevent constipation by implementing some lifestyle modifications and preventative measures. This article shall present practical, salubrious techniques, tips, and strategies on how to promote regular bowel movements and uphold a healthy digestive tract.
- Increase Fiber Intake:
A diet rich in dietary roughage is essential for maintaining systematic bowel movements. Include an assortment of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, legumes, and nuts in your daily meals. As it cannot be broken down, fiber adds bulk to the stool and helps it pass through the digestive system more easily. It is optimal for adults to aim for at least 25-30 grams of fiber per day. (But gradually increase your fiber intake to reach this level to avoid bloating and gas).
- Stay Hydrated:
Drinking an adequate amount of water throughout the day keeps the stool soft and easy to pass. Aim for 8-10 glasses of water per day. Additionally, limiting the intake of beverages containing caffeine and alcohol can also help. This is because they are diuretic substances and can contribute to dehydration.
- Regular Exercise:
Physical activity mechanically stimulates bowel movements and promotes healthy digestion alongside overall health by enhancing muscle contractions in the intestines. Engaging in moderate exercises such as walking, jogging, or cycling, for at least 30 minutes most days of the week is ideal.
- Establishing a Routine:
Consistency is key to developing a regular bowel movement routine and training one’s body to maintain regularity. Allocate a specific time every day to use the restroom. Sit on the toilet for a few minutes, even if you do not feel the urge to pass stool. But do not strain yourself, as it can lead to abrasion, causing hemorrhoids and other unwanted conditions.
- Avoid Holding Back:
Neglecting the urge to pass motion can lead to constipation. When you feel the need to pass stool, respond promptly and visit the restroom. Holding back causes the stool to become drier and harder to pass.
- Manage Stress:
Exploring healthy ways of coping with psychological stress (e.g. deep-breathing exercises, yoga, meditation) is correlated with an improved digestive system.
- Review Medication(s):
Certain medications, including but not limited to some painkillers, antacids, antidepressants, and iron supplements, can contribute to constipation. If you suspect your medication causing or worsening constipation, consult your healthcare provider. They may suggest alternative options or adjusting the dosage.
- Be Wary of Laxatives:
While laxatives can provide short-term relief from constipation, they should only be used sparingly (as a last resort) and under medical guidance. Abusing laxatives can lead to dependency, worsening the problem. Overuse can cause dehydration and a deficiency of electrolytes such as potassium and sodium. Only use them when necessary and prescribed. Discuss usage with a healthcare professional.
- Consider Probiotics:
Probiotics are “good” bacteria renowned for boosting gut health, thus regulating bowel movement, and improving overall digestive function. In Kerala, people use buttermilk-based drinks such as sambharam (സംഭാരം), as they are cooling, refreshing and a great source of probiotics. In recent years, drinking fermented beverages containing this beneficial gut flora, for instance, kombucha, have gained popularity amongst the urban youth. Other examples from the subcontinent having undergone fermentation include pickles (achaar), idli, dosa, dhokla, and kanji. Discuss with your physician about incorporating probiotic-rich foods into your diet or taking a probiotic supplement.
- Seek Medical Advice:
If constipation persists despite following the points listed above; or if you experience severe pain, bleeding, etc., you should consult your physician as they can evaluate your condition, identify potential underlying causes, and provide appropriate treatment options.
In closing, while distressing, constipation is not normally a serious issue. It can be prevented and managed by adopting a holistic approach combining predominantly dietary and lifestyle changes, alongside the usage of certain prescription medications only when required. By adhering to the tactics outlined in this article, you too can have a gut free from the shackles of constipation.
Article Credits
Rohan Panicker, Creative Writer, CareMithra
Nosebleeds (Epistaxis) – Causes and Remedies
Epistaxis, colloquially known as nosebleeds, is a condition indicated by streams of blood trickling or dripping from the nostril(s). It is a relatively common occurrence for those under the age of ten or over the age of fifty, with most individuals experiencing at least one nosebleed during their lifetime. However, it can still be an unsettling and unanticipated experience. While most cases of nosebleeds are harmless and self-treatable, it is important to understand the causes, symptoms, and appropriate treatment methods to manage oneself in the event of one in an effective manner.
Primarily, it is crucial to decipher that there are numerous factors which may contribute to the event of a nosebleed. For instance, inhabiting regions with arid climatic conditions which have lower levels of air humidity can lead to dryness and irritation of the nasal passages, making the blood capillaries in the nasal lining more susceptible to rupture. Fortuitous traumatic injury to the nose, such as blows and strikes, can damage the intricate blood vessels in the nostrils, leading to nosebleeds. Habitual nose-picking, needlessly vigorous blowing of the nose, or insertion of foreign objects can disturb the sensitive nasal membranes, causing epistaxis. Nasal infections, such as sinusitis or common colds, can cause inflammation and nasal congestion, increasing the potential for nose bleeding. Allergic reactions, principally to airborne allergens for instance pollen and dust clusters, can create traffic congestion and repetitive sneezing, which can trigger nosebleeds. Anatomical abnormalities and structural flaws in the nasal passages, such as deviated septum or nasal polyps, can also cause concurrent nosebleeds. Certain prescription medications, anticoagulants (blood thinners) or antiplatelet drugs, can interfere with blood clotting mechanisms, making individuals more prone to nosebleeds. Posterior epistaxis occurs when there is a sensation and distinct taste of blood or other biofluids flowing down the back of the throat. The presence of blood whilst blowing the nose and/or mild to moderate discomfort or pain in the nasal vicinity may also indicate epistaxis.
Most nosebleeds can be handled at home by following the correct protocols:
- Remain calm: Stay calm and sit in an upright posture to prevent blood from flowing down the throat.
- Pinch Nose: Use one’s thumb and index finger to pinch the soft cartilage of the nose just below the nasal bone. Sustain pressure for ten to fifteen minutes without releasing, whilst breathing normally through the mouth.
- Lean Forward: Tilt the head slightly forward to help prevent blood from flowing down the throat. Avoid tilting the head backwards as it may lead to ingestion of blood.
- Apply Ice: Place a frigid compress or ice pack on the bridge of the nose to aid in the constriction of blood vessels and ease the flow of blood.
- Moisturise Nasal Passages: Apply a slim layer of petroleum jelly or saline nasal spray to moisten and soothe the nasal membranes, preventing aridity and further irritation.
While the majority of nosebleeds can be managed with standard first-aid procedures, professional medical attention must be pursued in certain situations:
- The bleeding does not cease post twenty minutes of continuous pressure.
- Nosebleeds occur more than sporadically and without any apparent cause.
- There is severe blood deficit or light-headedness.
- Nosebleeds are accompanied by other concerning symptoms like migraines, easy bruising or distortions in vision.
There are various methods of medical interventions for epistaxis. For example, cauterisation is a procedure involving the use of heat, chemicals or electrical current to seal off erupted blood vessels in the nasal lining. Nasal packing is used in situations of extreme posterior epistaxis; and involves placing a sterile material such as gauze or an inflatable balloon into the nasal cavity to apply pressure and help control the bleeding. Nasal vasoconstrictors include topical nasal sprays or gels, typically applied directly to the affected nostril to assist in narrowing the blood vessels.
In adverse circumstances, where cases of epistaxis are recurrent and do not respond to conventional treatment methods, surgery will be required. Procedures include arterial ligation (knotting off the bleeding blood vessel), and embolization (blocking the blood supply to the bleeding vessel). These are performed to address the underlying cause and prevent future episodes of epistaxis.
For nosebleeds associated with higher blood pressure, medications to manage hypertension may be recommended, and, likewise, the corresponding medication is prescribed for epistaxis rooted in other medical disorders. This is a fundamental concept to be understood in dealing with this enigmatic issue.
Wrapping up, proper understanding and appropriate interventions can effectively manage epistaxis a.k.a. nosebleeds. While most cases can be managed at home with measures like applying pressure and avoiding further irritation, depending on severity and recurrence, nosebleeds may require medical interventions such as cauterisation, nasal packing or surgery. Seeking medical attention and addressing underlying causes is essential for efficient management. Individuals can gain control over their nosebleeds by working closely with healthcare professionals, enhancing their quality of daily living and navigating tasks and other activities with self-confidence.
Article Credits
Dr. A.M Khader, ENT Specialist, CareMithra
Rohan Panicker, Creative Writer, CareMithra
Dealing with Menopause – Embracing the Change Within
Menopause (Climacteric) is a natural phase in a woman’s life marking the end of her reproductive years. It is signalled by not having a period in twelve months. It typically comes with an array of unpleasant symptoms that are difficult to endure. The good news is that there are several strategies and lifestyle changes that can help mitigate these symptoms effectively and make it a less challenging experience. This article will first state the symptoms of menopause and will then explore practical tips for managing menopausal symptoms.
The symptoms of menopause are:
- Hot Flashes: Sudden, intense feelings of heat that spread across the body; accompanied by sweating and flushing of the skin.
- Night Sweats: Episodes of excessive sweating while sleeping.
- Irregular Periods: Irregular menstrual cycles w/ changes in frequency, duration & flow.
- Vaginal Dryness: Decreased lubrication in the vaginal area; leading to pain or discomfort during sexual intercourse.
- Mood Swings: Fluctuations in mood, including irritability, anxiety, and/or depression. Attributed to the hormonal changes that occur during menopause.
- Sleep Disturbances: Trouble falling asleep, staying asleep & getting quality sleep. Some women can also experience insomnia during menopause.
- Fatigue: Feelings of tiredness and exhaustion
- Weight Gain: Women may notice a shift in body composition and fat storage, particularly around the abdomen.
- Memory & Concentration Issues: Difficulty in remembering, concentrating, and focusing. Commonly referred to as “brain fog.”
- Joint & Muscle Aches: Increased susceptibility to joint pain, muscle rigidity and general body aches.
- Changes in Sexual Desire: Some women experience a decrease in sexual desire and/or functioning during menopause.
- Urinary Changes: Increased frequency of urination and a greater risk of urinary tract infections (UTIs) due to changes in the urinary system.
It is important to note that not all women will experience the same symptoms, and the severity and duration of symptoms can vary.
The following are means of mitigating menopausal symptoms: –
- Be Active:
Regular exercise is crucial during menopause as it helps alleviate various symptoms. Doing physical activities like walking, swimming, and yoga can improve mood, reduce hot flashes, increase energy levels, and promote better sleep. Getting at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity exercise most days of the week is ideal.
- Eat a Balanced Diet:
A healthy and balanced diet comprising a variety of fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats has a tremendously positive impact on managing menopausal symptoms. Increasing your calcium and vitamin D intake will help support bone health. Limit caffeine, alcohol, and spicy foods as they can induce hot flashes and interfere with sleep.
- Manage Stress:
Stress has the potential to exacerbate menopausal symptoms, so it is important to find effective techniques to cope with stress. Advisable activities include deep-breathing exercises, meditation, and yoga. Alongside this, engaging in hobbies, spending time with friends and family and prioritizing self-care are also valuable.
- Sleep Well:
Many menopausal women face disrupted sleeping patterns. Establishing a regular sleep routine can promote the quality of your sleep. A cool, quiet, and comfortable bedroom is recommended. Avoid caffeine, alcohol and heavy meals close to bedtime. Doing relaxation techniques like taking a bath and reading can also help in falling asleep. If sleep disturbances persist
- Hormone Replacement Therapy (HRT):
HRT may be recommended by medical professionals (gynecologists) for women experiencing severe menopausal symptoms. HRT can assist in alleviating hot flashes, vaginal dryness, and mood swings. However, it is essential to discuss the pros and cons of conducting this treatment with your physician, as HRT may not be suitable for everyone. There are alternative therapies (herbal remedies) that have been shown to provide relief for some women.
- Keep a Healthy Weight:
Maintaining a healthy weight is beneficial for dealing with menopause. Excess weight can contribute to hot flashes, joint pain, and other health problems.
- Be Hydrated:
Drinking adequate amounts of water helps in dealing with hot flashes and other symptoms. Stay hydrated throughout the course of each day by sipping water regularly. Avoid sugary drinks and excessive caffeine as they can dehydrate the body and exacerbate symptoms.
As a closing remark, menopause is an inevitable era in a woman’s life that presents itself with numerous physical and psychological changes. While the symptoms are challenging, implementing the strategies provided in this article can help women circumnavigate this transition with greater ease and comfort. Every woman’s encounter with menopause is unique so it is essential to listen to your body, seek support from healthcare professionals, and embrace self-care to empower yourself in this transformative journey. While it can be daunting, it is also a time of growth, self-discovery and newly adopted wisdom coming-of-age.
Article Credits
Dr. Bindu PS, Gynaecologist, CareMithra
Rohan Panicker, Creative Writer, CareMithra
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